Dubai - Iran ordered a sharp increase in oil output on Monday to take immediate advantage of the lifting of international sanctions, and some foreign firms raced to snap up deals as Tehran emerges from years of international isolation.
Others were more wary, mindful of the risk of falling foul of an array of US penalties that remain in place despite the lifting of nuclear-related sanctions on Saturday by the United States, European Union and United Nations.
Those measures were scrapped as part of a landmark deal between Iran and world powers, rewarding the Islamic Republic for scaling back its atomic energy programme in ways that US President Barack Obama said would prevent it from getting its hands on a nuclear bomb.
“We will be committed to the nuclear deal as far as the other side is,” Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said on Monday, adding that his country was “morally and religiously committed not to seek weapons of mass destruction”.
The agreement restores Iran's access to tens of billions of dollars in frozen assets, reopens the country to foreign investment and allows it to resume selling oil on world markets, albeit at a time when they are drowning in excess supply.
Deputy Oil Minister Rokneddin Javadi said Iran could increase output by 500 000 barrels per day (bpd) “and the order to increase production was issued today”.
The sanctions revoked at the weekend had cut Iran's oil exports by about 2 million bpd since their pre-sanctions 2011 peak, to little more than 1 million bpd.
Oil prices touched their lowest since 2003 on Monday as an already oversupplied market braced for additional Iranian exports.
The lifting of sanctions opens up business opportunities across a host of sectors, from planes to telecoms.
“Iran is a huge market and in our focus,” Kaan Terzioglu, head of Turkey's biggest mobile operator, Turkcell, said in an interview with Reuters.
He said Iran could be a target market as the company looks for regional acquisitions: “We are closely watching the Iranian market and in touch with all of its fixed line and mobile operators.”
New middle class
Dennis Nally, global chairman of PricewaterhouseCoopers, told Reuters before the start of this week's World Economic Forum in Davos that the audit and consultancy firm was seeing strong client interest in opportunities in Iran.
“Without question the energy, energy-related and infrastructure industries stand to benefit, but also sectors like retail, with the potential creation of a new middle class,” he told Reuters.
A clutch of German firms were among those to signal their appetite to ramp up business ties with Tehran, and the Berlin government said it planned to revive state export guarantees for companies that wanted to do so.
Daimler said its trucks division had signed letters of intent with joint venture partners in Iran in order to re-enter the market, where it was selling up to 10 000 vehicles a year until 2010. Its rival Audi said it had representatives in Iran right now to discuss the “growing potential for luxury cars.”
Herrenknecht, a family-run German tunnelling company that helped to build the Tehran metro in the 1990s, said it expected Iran to put up new projects for tender, and it was ready to pounce on the opportunity.
Commerzbank, Germany's number two lender, also said it was considering the possibility of returning to Iran.
That announcement was especially striking, less than a year after Commerzbank agreed to pay $1.45 billion to US authorities for sanctions violations partly linked to Iran. At the time, it joined a long line of foreign banks similarly penalised - France's BNP Paribas alone paid $8.9 billion.
For that reason, most international banks are expected to tread very carefully to avoid violating US trade sanctions that remain in place.
Deals and diplomacy
In further signs of likely deals in the pipeline, Switzerland's Zurich Insurance said it would look into insurance cover for corporate customers doing business with Iran, and the head of British Airways' parent company IAG said it hoped to start flying to Tehran “in the very near future”.
Russia, another party to last year's nuclear deal, said it was looking to sell military helicopters to Iran and export more grain. India's national aluminium company NALCO said it would soon send a team to Iran to explore setting up a smelter complex worth about $2 billion, taking advantage of cheap and plentiful gas there.
Spain's foreign minister said Madrid and Tehran were discussing the building of an Iranian-owned oil refinery on the southern tip of Spain.
In a burst of diplomatic activity that will provide opportunities for discussing investment deals, Chinese President Xi Jinping will visit both Iran and its regional arch-rival Saudi Arabia this week.
In Rome, a diplomatic source said the Iranian president would travel to Italy and France next week on his first trip to Europe since the lifting of sanctions.
The nuclear deal removed restrictions that stifled Iran's economy for most of this decade - on banking, money transfers, insurance, trade, transport and technology procurement.
This will allow Iran to satisfy pent-up demand for goods and services that it had trouble obtaining at affordable prices under sanctions, from aircraft to factory machinery, medicines and some consumer goods such as cosmetics and branded clothing.
In an indication of the scale of potential deals, the transport minister said at the weekend that Iran intended to buy 114 civil aircraft from Airbus - a deal that could be worth more than $10 billion at catalogue prices. Airbus said on Saturday it had not yet held commercial talks with Iran.
Opportunities and risks
Entering the Iranian market is not without risks: indebted local banks, a primitive legal system, corruption and an inflexible labour market. Many foreign companies will remain wary that sanctions could “snap back” if Tehran is later found in breach of the nuclear agreement.
“A lot of work has been done to get to where we are now. A similar and sustained effort will be required in the future,”
UN nuclear watchdog chief Yukiya Amano said on a visit to Tehran. “We must maintain the momentum.”
US companies look set to lag rivals from other countries in restoring trade with Iran, because Washington will retain broad sanctions that predate the nuclear crisis and were imposed over other issues such as terrorism and human rights abuses.
But US business with Iran may still increase, after the US Treasury said on Saturday that it would permit foreign subsidiaries of American companies to trade with Iran - a channel that big multinationals may be able to exploit.
“In most respects the sanctions are not lifted at all” for US businesses, said Adam M. Smith, a former senior adviser at the US Treasury Department who is now an attorney at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher in Washington. “There are still significant limitations on what a company can do in Iran.”
He spent Monday fielding calls from corporate clients who were curious about whether they now had larger leeway in Iran. But even without the sanctions, Iran is still a challenging place for businesses, Smith said, because of issues such as corruption and money laundering. “It's not a very transparent place,” he said.
A big foreign investment presence may take longer to rebuild than trade ties. Some firms may want to wait until they see the stance of the next US president towards Iran; many will worry about “reputational risk,” or exposure to legal action from shareholders or lobby groups, if they invest there.
Further complicating the picture, the United States imposed new sanctions on Sunday on 11 companies and individuals for supplying Iran's ballistic missile programme, even as it removed the old nuclear-related measures and carried out an exchange of prisoners with Tehran.
The new sanctions are much smaller in scope, but Tehran denounced them on Monday. Foreign ministry spokesman Hossein Jaberi Ansari said they had “no legal or moral legitimacy”, because US weaponry sold to regional allies was used to commit “war crimes against Palestinian, Lebanese and most recently Yemeni citizens”.
The weekend lifting of international sanctions was accompanied by a US-Iranian prisoner swap. Three of the five Americans released from detention by Iran were flown on Sunday for medical checks at a US military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany.
“I want people to know that physically I'm feeling good,” the Washington Post quoted one of them, journalist Jason Rezaian, as saying. “I know people are eager to hear from me but I want to process this for some time.”
REUTERS